Holding Entries: Parallel, Offset, and Direct

Introduction

Holding patterns are crucial in aviation, allowing aircraft to maintain a safe distance from each other while waiting for further clearance. Pilots must understand different holding entry procedures—Parallel, Offset (Teardrop), and Direct—to comply with ATC instructions. These concepts are a key part of DGCA Ground Classes and are essential for smooth flight operations.

1. What is a Holding Pattern?

A holding pattern is a racetrack-shaped flight path used to delay aircraft when:
✔ ATC needs to manage air traffic congestion.
✔ Weather conditions make landing unsafe.
✔ The runway is unavailable.

A standard holding pattern consists of a fix (waypoint), inbound and outbound leg, and turn maneuvers.

2. Types of Holding Entries

Pilots must determine the correct entry method based on their approach heading relative to the holding fix.

A. Direct Entry

✔ Used when the aircraft approaches the holding fix from the front.
✔ The simplest entry—fly directly into the holding pattern.
✔ Commonly used in en-route and approach holds.

B. Parallel Entry

✔ Used when approaching opposite to the inbound leg.
✔ The aircraft flies parallel to the holding course for one minute, then turns back into the hold.
✔ Used when entering from the non-holding side.

C. Offset (Teardrop) Entry

✔ Used when approaching at an angle to the holding fix.
✔ The aircraft turns 30° away from the inbound course, flies outbound for one minute, then makes a turn back into the hold.
✔ Useful for smooth transitions into the pattern.

3. Choosing the Correct Entry

The 60° Rule is used to determine the appropriate entry:
✔ Direct Entry: Heading within 70° of the inbound course.
✔ Parallel Entry: Heading 110° to 180° from the inbound course.
✔ Offset Entry: Heading 70° to 110° from the inbound course.

4. Importance of Holding Patterns in DGCA Ground Classes

In DGCA Ground Classes, pilots learn:
✔ Holding pattern calculations and how to apply wind corrections.
✔ ICAO vs FAA holding procedures and their differences.
✔ How to use Navigation Aids (VOR, GPS) for holds.

5. Practical Applications

Holding patterns are used in:
✅ Approach Holds – Delays before landing clearance.
✅ En-route Holds – Managing air traffic at high altitudes.
✅ Emergency Situations – Allowing time to troubleshoot issues before landing.

Conclusion

Mastering holding entries is essential for pilots, especially in busy airspace. Training in DGCA Ground Classes ensures pilots can handle holds confidently, enhancing flight safety and efficiency.